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CIA activities in Nicaragua
(詳細はContra) revolution, which wanted to overthrow the democratically-elected Sandinista government of Nicaragua. -->
==1981==
On December 1, 1981, United States President Ronald Reagan signed a presidential finding authorizing covert operations in Nicaragua.〔The National Security Archive. The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History. Ed. Kornbluh, Byrne. 1st ed New York: The New Press, 1993. Print.〕 This plan initially called for the U.S. government to cooperate with the Argentinian government who was already engaged in a similar operation to train and fund an existing resistance group that became known as the Contras.〔Woodward, Bob. Veil The Secret Wars of the CIA. 2005 ed. New York: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks, 1987. Print〕 Initially the contras were a group of republican guard members of the old Somoza regime that the Sandinistas had ousted after a revolutionary conflict. Later, through the recruitment efforts of the CIA, the group became supplemented by civilian guerrillas and were trained by the CIA. Eventually due to U.S. alliances to Great Britain during the Falklands war this Argentinian support was withdrawn and the CIA had to relocate their training sites to Honduras. The Nicaraguan operation was carried out by the CIA based on intelligence that indicated that the Sandinista government had close ties to the Cuban and Soviet governments which represented a strategic threat to the U.S.〔 Also at this time the Sandinistas were building its military to a level that was un-proportional for its size. The U.S. saw this as a Soviet backed push for power in the region.〔 The CIA gave $50,000 to training and arming the Contras in 1981 which was eventually followed up by millions more once the CIA secured funding for the operation. The CIA took out operations of their own: in 1982, a CIA trained team blew up two bridges in Nicaragua as well as the mining of Corinto harbor, which may have been carried out by members of the U.S. military rather than through indigenous assets as the CIA claimed it used.〔 The mining was an attempt to disrupt the Nicaraguan economy by closing down their main shipping port with petroleum imports and cotton exports being the main targets.〔 The mines that were eventually used were specifically designed to only cause a large noise rather than actually damage ships.〔 The logic behind this is that once a harbor was known to be mined it would be flagged as such and therefore be avoided by most shipping companies. This eventually backfired and became somewhat of a self-fulfilling prophecy for the U.S. as this act actually drove the Sandinista government closer to the Soviet Union out of a need for petroleum imports.〔 The United States saw the Sandinistas as Communists, and felt the need to stop them. The United States' Congress viewed the Reagan Administration's anti-Sandinista policies with extreme skepticism, and were under the impression that the true goal of the CIA operation in Nicaragua was to overthrow the Sandinista government. Congress's efforts resulted in passage of an amendment in late 1982 introduced by Representative Edward P. Boland to the Fiscal Year 1983 Defense Appropriations bill. This is the first of a series of Boland Amendments prohibited the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), the principal conduit of covert American support to the Contras, from spending any money "for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Nicaragua." The CIA however interpreted the "purpose" stated in this phrase as the purpose of the CIA rather than the purpose of the enduser. Thus the CIA argued that since the purpose of the CIA was not to overthrow the government, the fact that the money and military assistance went to people who had this goal did not matter.〔Declassified CIA Document dated 6 April 1983 from an unknown author retrieved from http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/documents.php〕 The subsequent lack of change in the Nicaragua operation significantly contributed to the eventual further restrictions imposed by congress in the second version of the Boland amendment〔
The majority report stated, " The Central Intelligence Agency was the U.S. Government agency that assisted the contras. In accordance with Presidential decisions, known as findings, and with funds appropriated by Congress, the C.I.A. armed, clothed, fed and supervised the contras. Despite this assistance, the contras failed to win widespread popular support of military victories within Nicaragua."
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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